Abstract
Heating, ventilation and air conditional (HVAC) system provides a cold ventilation for the comfort of the driver and passengers in a vehicle. However, the vibration induced by the HVAC contributes to a reasonable level of noise emission, and hissing is one of the critical noises. So far, the characterization of hissing noise from the vehicle is least to be reported compared to other type of noises. Hence, this paper investigates the occurrence of hissing noise from several HVAC components. A lab-scale HVAC system was developed to imitate the real-time operations of the vehicle HVAC system. Two engine conditions, namely as ambient and operating conditions, were tested at speed of 850 rpm and 850–1400 rpm, with the blower speed maintained constantly at one level. The result shows that the hissing noise from the labscale HVAC was produced at frequency range of 4000–6000 Hz. The finding also highlights that the main component contributors of noise emission are an evaporator and a thermal expansion valve. The validation with a real vehicle system showed a good consensus whereby the hissing noise was produced at the similar operating frequency ranges. Also, the hissing noise was found to be louder when in an operating condition which could be taken into consideration by the vehicle manufacturers to improve the HVAC design.Keywords:
hissing noise, HVAC system, vibration, evaporator, thermal expansion valveReferences
1. Braun M.E., Walsh S.J., Horner J.L., Chuter R. (2013), Noise source characteristics in the ISO 362 vehicle pass-by noise test: Literature review, Applied Acoustics, 74(11): 1241–1265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.04.005
2. Daly S. (2006), Automotive Air Conditioning and Climate Control Systems, Butterworth-Heimenn, Burlington, MA, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-6955-9.x5000-9
3. Fischer D. (1995), Airflow simulation through automotive blowers using computational fluid dynamics, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/950438
4. Gren E., Farrall M., Mendonça F., Sandhu K. (2012), CFD prediction of aeroacoustic noise generation in a HVAC duct, [In:] 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (33rd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2068
5. Hassan M.B., Sardar A., Ghias R. (2008), CFD simulations of an automotive HVAC blower: Operating under stable and unstable flow conditions, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0735
6. Humbad N. (2001), Automotive HVAC flow noise prediction models, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1498
7. Humbad N., Schlinke G., Scherer S. (2009), Correlating HVAC vehicle interior noise to sub-system measurements, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2117
8. ISO 362 (2007), Measurement of noise emitted by accelerating road vehicles – engineering method – Part 1: M and N categories. Geneva.
9. Jabardo J., Mamani W., Ianella M.R. (2002), Modeling experimental evaluation of an automotive air conditioning system with a variable capacity compressor, International Journal of Refrigeration, 25(8): 1157–1172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007%2802%2900002-6
10. Jäger A. et al. (2008), Numerical and experimental investigations of the noise generated by a flap in a simplified HVAC duct, [In:] 14th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (29th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-2902
11. Kavarana F., Rediers B. (1999), Squeak and rattle – State of the art and beyond, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1728
12. Kropp W., Sabiniarz P., Brick H., Beckenbauer T. (2012), On the sound radiation of a rolling tyre, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 331(8): 1789–1805, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2011.11.031
13. Krüger J., Buganza F., Koch V. (2016), The effects of future noise limit values on the design of exhaust systems, TZ Worldwide, 118(9): 48–51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s38313-016-0164-5
14. Kwon E.Y., Baek K.W., Co N.H. (2015), Some aerodynamic aspects of centrifugal fan characteristics of an automotive HVAC blower, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0291
15. Mann A., Perot F., Meskine M., Kim M. (2015), Designing quieter HVAC systems coupling LBM and flow-induced noise source identification methods, [In:] FKFS Conference Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-2265
16. Mavuri S.P., Watkins S., Wang X., St. Hill S., Weymouth D. (2008), An investigation of vehicle HVAC cabin noise, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0836
17. Öhrström E. (1989), Sleep disturbance, psycho-social and medical symptoms-A pilot survey among persons exposed to high levels of road traffic noise, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 133(1): 117–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X%2889%2990986-3
18. Okuma T., Radermacher R., Hwang Y. (2012), A novel application of thermoelectric modules in an hvac system under cold climate operation, Journal of Electronic Materials, 41(6): 1749–1758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-012-2066-x
19. Paiman M.A.R. et al. (2018), Measurement of the hissing-type noise and vibration of the automotive HVAC system, MATEC Web of Conferences, 217: 03002 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821703002
20. Patidar A., Natarajan S., Pande M. (2009), CFD analysis and validation of an automotive HVAC system, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0535
21. Pérot F. et al. (2013), HVAC noise predictions using a Lattice Boltzmann method, [In:] 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-2228
22. Phillips A.V., Orchard M. (2001), Drive-by noise prediction by vehicle system analysis, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1562
23. Putner J., Lohrmann M., Fast H. (2013), Analysis of the contributions from vehicle cabin surfaces to the interior noise, [In:] Inter-Noise 2013, Innsbruck, Austria. https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1189692/332977.pdf
24. Qatu M.S., Abdelhamid M.K., Pang J., Sheng G. (2009), Overview of automotive noise and vibration, International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration, 5(1/2): 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVNV.2009.029187
25. Sah M., Srinivasan K., Mendonca F., Pai N. (2013), Prediction of HVAC system aero/acoustic noise generation and propagation using CFD, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0856
26. Sandberg U., Ejsmont J.A. (2002), Tyre/road noise reference book, Informex, Kisa.
27. Satar M.H.A. et al. (2019a), Application of the structural dynamic modification method to reduce the vibration of the vehicle HVAC system, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1262: 012034, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1262/1/012034
28. Satar M.H.A. et al. (2019b), Characterization of the humming type noise and vibration of the automotive HVAC system, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 16(2): 6634–6648, https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.12.0499
29. Seoud S.A. (2019), Tire and engine sources contribution to vehicle interior noise and vibration exposure levels, Archives of Acoustics, 44(2): 201–214, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2019.126366
30. Shin S.H., Cheong C. (2010), Experimental characterization of instrument panel buzz, squeak, and rattle (BSR) in a vehicle, Applied Acoustics, 71(12): 1162–1168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.07.006
31. Soeta Y., Shimokura R. (2017), Sound quality evaluation of air-conditioner noise based on factors of the autocorrelation function, Applied Acoustics, 124: 11–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.03.015
32. Terauchi K., Tsukagoshi Y., Hiraga M. (2018), The characteristics of the spiral compressor for automotive air conditioning, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/830541
33. Thawani P.T., Sinadinos S., Black J. (2013), Automotive AC system induced refrigerant hiss and gurgle, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems, 6(2): 1115–1119, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1890
34. Toksoy C. et al. (1995), Design of an automotive HVAC blower wheel for flow, noise and structural integrity, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/950437
35. Wang X., Watkins S., Charles S. (2018), Noise refinement solutions for vehicle HVAC systems, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2184
36. Žiaran S., Chlebo O. (2016), Noise control transmission methods of the combustion engine by means of reduction of the vibration, Archives of Acoustics, 41, 2, 277–284, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0027
2. Daly S. (2006), Automotive Air Conditioning and Climate Control Systems, Butterworth-Heimenn, Burlington, MA, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-6955-9.x5000-9
3. Fischer D. (1995), Airflow simulation through automotive blowers using computational fluid dynamics, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/950438
4. Gren E., Farrall M., Mendonça F., Sandhu K. (2012), CFD prediction of aeroacoustic noise generation in a HVAC duct, [In:] 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (33rd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2068
5. Hassan M.B., Sardar A., Ghias R. (2008), CFD simulations of an automotive HVAC blower: Operating under stable and unstable flow conditions, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0735
6. Humbad N. (2001), Automotive HVAC flow noise prediction models, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1498
7. Humbad N., Schlinke G., Scherer S. (2009), Correlating HVAC vehicle interior noise to sub-system measurements, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2117
8. ISO 362 (2007), Measurement of noise emitted by accelerating road vehicles – engineering method – Part 1: M and N categories. Geneva.
9. Jabardo J., Mamani W., Ianella M.R. (2002), Modeling experimental evaluation of an automotive air conditioning system with a variable capacity compressor, International Journal of Refrigeration, 25(8): 1157–1172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007%2802%2900002-6
10. Jäger A. et al. (2008), Numerical and experimental investigations of the noise generated by a flap in a simplified HVAC duct, [In:] 14th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (29th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-2902
11. Kavarana F., Rediers B. (1999), Squeak and rattle – State of the art and beyond, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1728
12. Kropp W., Sabiniarz P., Brick H., Beckenbauer T. (2012), On the sound radiation of a rolling tyre, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 331(8): 1789–1805, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2011.11.031
13. Krüger J., Buganza F., Koch V. (2016), The effects of future noise limit values on the design of exhaust systems, TZ Worldwide, 118(9): 48–51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s38313-016-0164-5
14. Kwon E.Y., Baek K.W., Co N.H. (2015), Some aerodynamic aspects of centrifugal fan characteristics of an automotive HVAC blower, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0291
15. Mann A., Perot F., Meskine M., Kim M. (2015), Designing quieter HVAC systems coupling LBM and flow-induced noise source identification methods, [In:] FKFS Conference Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-2265
16. Mavuri S.P., Watkins S., Wang X., St. Hill S., Weymouth D. (2008), An investigation of vehicle HVAC cabin noise, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0836
17. Öhrström E. (1989), Sleep disturbance, psycho-social and medical symptoms-A pilot survey among persons exposed to high levels of road traffic noise, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 133(1): 117–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X%2889%2990986-3
18. Okuma T., Radermacher R., Hwang Y. (2012), A novel application of thermoelectric modules in an hvac system under cold climate operation, Journal of Electronic Materials, 41(6): 1749–1758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-012-2066-x
19. Paiman M.A.R. et al. (2018), Measurement of the hissing-type noise and vibration of the automotive HVAC system, MATEC Web of Conferences, 217: 03002 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821703002
20. Patidar A., Natarajan S., Pande M. (2009), CFD analysis and validation of an automotive HVAC system, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0535
21. Pérot F. et al. (2013), HVAC noise predictions using a Lattice Boltzmann method, [In:] 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-2228
22. Phillips A.V., Orchard M. (2001), Drive-by noise prediction by vehicle system analysis, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1562
23. Putner J., Lohrmann M., Fast H. (2013), Analysis of the contributions from vehicle cabin surfaces to the interior noise, [In:] Inter-Noise 2013, Innsbruck, Austria. https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1189692/332977.pdf
24. Qatu M.S., Abdelhamid M.K., Pang J., Sheng G. (2009), Overview of automotive noise and vibration, International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration, 5(1/2): 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVNV.2009.029187
25. Sah M., Srinivasan K., Mendonca F., Pai N. (2013), Prediction of HVAC system aero/acoustic noise generation and propagation using CFD, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0856
26. Sandberg U., Ejsmont J.A. (2002), Tyre/road noise reference book, Informex, Kisa.
27. Satar M.H.A. et al. (2019a), Application of the structural dynamic modification method to reduce the vibration of the vehicle HVAC system, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1262: 012034, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1262/1/012034
28. Satar M.H.A. et al. (2019b), Characterization of the humming type noise and vibration of the automotive HVAC system, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 16(2): 6634–6648, https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.2.2019.12.0499
29. Seoud S.A. (2019), Tire and engine sources contribution to vehicle interior noise and vibration exposure levels, Archives of Acoustics, 44(2): 201–214, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2019.126366
30. Shin S.H., Cheong C. (2010), Experimental characterization of instrument panel buzz, squeak, and rattle (BSR) in a vehicle, Applied Acoustics, 71(12): 1162–1168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.07.006
31. Soeta Y., Shimokura R. (2017), Sound quality evaluation of air-conditioner noise based on factors of the autocorrelation function, Applied Acoustics, 124: 11–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.03.015
32. Terauchi K., Tsukagoshi Y., Hiraga M. (2018), The characteristics of the spiral compressor for automotive air conditioning, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/830541
33. Thawani P.T., Sinadinos S., Black J. (2013), Automotive AC system induced refrigerant hiss and gurgle, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems, 6(2): 1115–1119, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1890
34. Toksoy C. et al. (1995), Design of an automotive HVAC blower wheel for flow, noise and structural integrity, SAE Technical Papers, https://doi.org/10.4271/950437
35. Wang X., Watkins S., Charles S. (2018), Noise refinement solutions for vehicle HVAC systems, SAE Technical Paper, https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2184
36. Žiaran S., Chlebo O. (2016), Noise control transmission methods of the combustion engine by means of reduction of the vibration, Archives of Acoustics, 41, 2, 277–284, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0027
