Measurement of Compound Sound Sources with Adaptive Spatial Radiation for Low-Frequency Active Noise Control Applications
Abstract
The proposed compound sound sources for low-frequency noise control applications are composed of dipole sources. Their spatial radiation, which is critical in the modal field of small, closed spaces, is intended to be controlled with independent driving signals of each dipole. The need for small and efficient low-frequency elementary monopole sources led to the proposed vented sub-woofer loudspeaker design with low force factor (low-Bl) drivers. The investigated sources are set up in quadrupole configurations and measured in terms of polar near field response patterns to verify the theoretical predictions. The measurement results consist of the validation of the proposed compound sound sources on the implementation of active noise control problems in the low-frequency range. Also, their small size and modular construction make them interesting for use in other applications.Keywords:
Low-Bl loudspeakers, compound sound sources, adaptive spatial radiation, active low-frequency noise controlReferences
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29. Wang S., Sun H., Pan J., Qiu X. (2018), Near-field error sensing for active directivity control of radiated sound, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(2): 598–607, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5049145
30. Wrona S., Pawełczyk M. (2016), Feedforward control of a light-weight device casing for active noise reduction, Archives of Acoustics, 41(3): 499–505, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0048
2. AES56-2008 (2014), Standard on acoustics – Sound source modeling – Loudspeaker polar radiation measurements, Audio Engineering Society, New York.
3. Beranek L.L. (1996), Acoustics, Acoustical Society of America, New York, USA, pp. 91–101.
4. Bolton J.S., Gardner B.K., Beauvilain T.A. (1995), Sound cancellation by the use of secondary multipoles, The Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 98(4): 2343–2362, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.414400
5. Concha-Barrientos M., Campbell-Lendrum D., Steenland K. (2004), Occupational noise: Assessing the burden of disease from work-related hearing impairment at national and local levels, WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 9, WHO, Geneva.
6. Chan Y.J., Huang L., Lam J. (2013), Effects of secondary loudspeaker properties on broadband feed-forward active duct noise control, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134(1): 257–263, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4808079
7. Chen W., Pu H., Qiu X. (2010), Α compound secondary source for active noise radiation control, Applied Acoustics, 71(2): 101–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.08.008
8. Czyżewski A., Kotus J., Kostek B. (2007), Determining the noise impact on hearing using psychoacoustical noise dosimeter, Archives of Acoustics, 32(2): 215–229.
9. Dickason V. (2006), Loudspeaker Design Cookbook, 7th ed., Peterborough, USA: Audio Amateur Press.
10. Giouvanakis M., Kasidakis K., Sevastiadis C., Papanikolaou G. (2019), Design and construction of loudspeakers with low-Bl drivers for low-frequency active noise control applications, Proceedings of the 23rd ICA, pp. 6921–6928, Aachen, Germany, https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-CONV-238865
11. Giouvanakis M., Sevastiadis C., Papanikolaou G. (2019), Low-frequency noise attenuation in a closed space using adaptive directivity control sources of a quadrupole type, Archives of Acoustics, 44(1): 71–78, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2019.126353
12. Giouvanakis M., Sevastiadis C., Vrysis L., Papanikolaou G. (2018), Control of resonant low-frequency noise simulations in different areas of small spaces using compound sources, Proceedings of Euronoise Conference, pp. 935–941, Crete, Greece.
13. Hill A.J., Hawksford M.O.J. (2010), Chameleon subwoofer arrays – Generalized theory of vectored sources in a closed acoustic space, 128th Audio Engineering Society Convention Convention, paper No. 8074, London.
14. Istvan L.V., Beranek L.L. (2006), Noise and vibration control engineering-Principles and applications, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA; pp. 45–150.
15. Keele D.B. (1974), Low-frequency loudspeaker assessment by nearfield sound-pressure measurement, Journal of Audio Engineering Society, 22(3): 154–162.
16. Kido K. (1991), The technologies for active noise control, Journal of Acoustic Society of Japan (E), 12(6): 245–253, https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.12.245
17. Kotus J., Kostek B. (2008), The noise-induced harmful effect assessment based on the properties of the human hearing system, Archives of Acoustics, 33(4): 435–440.
18. Młyński R., Kozłowski E., Adamczyk J. (2014), Assessment of impulse noise hazard and the use of hearing protection devices in workplaces where forging hammers are used, Archives of Acoustics, 39(1): 73–79, https://doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0008
19. Olson H.F. (1973), Gradient loudspeakers, Journal of Audio Engineering Society, 21(2): 86–93.
20. Pawlaczyk-Łuszczynska M., Dudarewicz A., Waszkowska M., Szymczak W., Kameduła M., Sliwinska-Kowalska M. (2004), Does low frequency noise affect human mental performance?, Archives of Acoustics, 29(2): 205–218.
21. Persson W.K. (2011), Noise and health – effects of low frequency noise and vibrations: environmental and occupational perspectives, Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 4: 240–253.
22. Qiu X., Hansen C.H. (2000), Secondary acoustic source types for active noise control in free field: monopoles or multipoles?, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 232(5): 1005–1009, https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2702
23. Russell D.A., Titlow J.P., Bemmen Y.J. (1999), Acoustic monopoles, dipoles, and quadrupoles: An experiment revisited, American Journal of Physics, 67(8): 660–664, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.19349
24. Shehap A.M., Shawky H.A., El-Basheer T.M. (2016), Study and assessment of low frequency noise in occupational settings, Archives of Acoustics, 41(1): 151–160, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0015
25. Small R. H. (1972), Simplified Loudspeaker Measurements at Low Frequencies, Journal of Audio Engineering Society, 20(1): 28–33.
26. Small R.H. (1973), Vented-box loudspeaker systems. Part 1: Small-signal analysis, Journal of Audio Engineering Society, 21(5): 363–372.
27. Wang S., Yu J., Qiu X., Pawelczyk M., Shaid A., Wang L. (2017), Active sound radiation control with secondary sources at the edge of the opening, Applied Acoustics, 117(Part A): 173–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.10.027
28. Zagubień A., Wolniewicz K. (2020), The assessment of infrasound and low frequency noise impact on the results of learning in primary school – case study, Archives of Acoustics, 45(1): 93–102, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2020.132485
29. Wang S., Sun H., Pan J., Qiu X. (2018), Near-field error sensing for active directivity control of radiated sound, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(2): 598–607, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5049145
30. Wrona S., Pawełczyk M. (2016), Feedforward control of a light-weight device casing for active noise reduction, Archives of Acoustics, 41(3): 499–505, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0048
