How Much Voicing in Voiced Geminates? The Laryngeal Voicing Profile of Polish Double Stops
Authors
-
Arkadiusz ROJCZYK
Speech Processing Laboratory, University of Silesia in Katowice,
Poland
0000-0002-7328-5911
-
Andrzej PORZUCZEK
Speech Processing Laboratory, University of Silesia in Katowice,
Poland
0000-0001-6398-2150
Abstract
Geminates (such as the double /k/ in Polish lekki “light”) form a group of consonants that are mainly characterized by longer durations than the corresponding singletons. Most of the research has concentrated on durational and spectral properties of geminates in contrast to singletons. Much less attention has been paid to the realization of the voicing contrast in geminates and whether it is differently implemented than in singletons. In the current study, we contribute to this research with the data from Polish stop geminates. To this end, a total of 49 native speakers of Polish produced all stop geminates and corresponding singletons in wordforms of the same phonological make-up. The measurements included closure duration, voicing ratio, duration, and mean intensity of the release burst. The results showed that the voicing ratio was 0.69, classifying Polish stop geminates as mildly devoiced. There was a significant speaker-dependent variability in that some speakers devoiced all geminates, while others either partially devoiced or never devoiced. The analysis of interactions between geminates and singletons revealed that geminates cancelled voicing cues observed in singletons such as longer durations and lower intensity of the release burst. We discuss the current results in terms of voicing implementation in Polish and in relation to other geminating languages.Keywords:
geminates, Polish, voicing, stops, speech productionReferences
1. Abramson A.S., Whalen D.H. (2017), Voice Onset Time (VOT) at 50: Theoretical and practical issues in measuring voicing distinctions, Journal of Phonetics, 63: 75–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2017.05.002
2. Al-Tamimi J., Khattab G. (2018), Acoustic correlates of the voicing contrast in Lebanese Arabic singleton and geminate stops, Journal of Phonetics, 71: 206–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.09.010
3. Amano S., Hirata Y. (2010), Perception and production boundaries between single and geminate stops in Japanese, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128(4): 2049–2058, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3458847
4. Blevins J. (2004), Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns, University Press, Cambridge.
5. Boersma P., Weenink D. (2001), Praat: Doing phonetics by computer, Ear and Hearing, 32(2): 266, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31821473f7
6. Boersma P., Weenink D. (n.d.), Praat programme, Version 6.1.40, http://www.praat.org/ (access: 15.05.2023).
7. Butcher A. (2004), Fortis/lenis revisited one more time: The aerodynamics of some oral stop contrasts in three continents, Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 18(6–8): 547–557, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200410001703565
8. Catford J.C. (1977), Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
9. Cho T., Whalen D.H., Docherty G. (2019), Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in 19 languages, Journal of Phonetics, 72: 52–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.11.002
10. Cohn A.C., Ham W.H., Podesva R.J. (1999), The phonetic realization of singleton-geminate constrasts in three languages of Indonesia, [in:] Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp. 587–590.
11. Cyran E. (2011), Laryngeal realism and laryngeal relativism: Two voicing systems in Polish?, Studies in Polish Linguistics, 6(1): 45–80.
12. Davidson L. (2016), Variability in the implementation of voicing in American English obstruents, Journal of Phonetics, 54: 35–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2015.09.003
13. Dmitrieva O. (2009), Geminate typology and perception of consonant length, Paper presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America.
14. Dmitrieva O. (2017), Production of geminate consonants in Russian: Implications for typology, [in:] The Phonetics and Phonology of Geminate Consonants, Kubozono H. [Ed.], pp. 34–65, Oxford University Press, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0003
15. Esposito A., Di Benedetto M.G. (1999), Acoustical and perceptual study of gemination in Italian stops, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4): 2051–2062, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.428056
16. Fujimoto M., Kataoka R. (2016), Oral/nasal airflow during Japanese stop consonants, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(4): 3108, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4969709
17. Halle M., Stevens K.N. (1971), A note on laryngeal features, MIT Quarterly Progress Report, 101: 198–212.
18. Hamzah M.H., Fletcher J., Hajek J. (2016), Closure duration as an acoustic correlate of the word-initial singleton/geminate consonant contrast in Kelantan Malay, Journal of Phonetics, 58: 135–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.002
19. Hankamer J., Lahiri A., Koreman J. (1989), Perception of consonant length: Voiceless stops in Turkish and Bengali, Journal of Phonetics, 17(4): 283–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470%2819%2930445-0
20. Hayes B., Steriade D. (2004), The phonetic bases of phonological markedness, [in:] Phonetically Based Phonology, Hayes B., Kirchner R., Steriade D. [Eds.], pp. 1–33, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Hermes A., Tilsen S. Ridouane R. (2021), Cross-linguistic timing contrast in geminates: A rate-dependent perspective, [in:] Proceedings of the 12th International Seminar on Speech Production, pp. 52–55.
22. Hirata Y., Whiton J. (2005), Relational acoustic invariance in the single/geminate stop distinction in Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(4): 2569, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4788556
23. Hirose A., Ashby M. (2007), An acoustic study of devoicing of the geminates obstruents, [in:] Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp. 909–912.
24. Homma Y. (1981), Durational relationship between Japanese stops and vowels, Journal of Phonetics, 9(3): 273–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470%2819%2930971-4
25. Hussain Q., Shinohara S. (2019), Partial devoicing of voiced geminate stops in Tokyo Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(1): 149–163, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5078605
26. Idemaru K., Guion S. (2008), Acoustic covariants of length contrast in Japanese stops, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38(2): 167–186, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100308003459
27. Jaeger J.J. (1978), Speech aerodynamics and phonological universals, [in:] Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkley Linguistics Society, 4: 312–329.
28. Jurafsky D., Bell A., Gregory M., Raymond W.D. (2001), Probabilistic relations between words: Evidence from reduction in lexical production, [in:] Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, Bybee J., Hopper P. [Eds.], pp. 229–254, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.45.13jur
29. Kawahara S. (2006), A faithfulness ranking projected from the perceptibility scale: The case of [+voice] in Japanese, Language, 82(3): 536–574.
30. Kawahara S. (2015), The phonetics of sokuon, or obstruent geminates, [in:] The Mouton Handbook of Japanese Language and Linguistics, Kubozono H. [Ed.], pp. 43–77, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
31. Kingston J., Kawahara S., Chambless D., Mash D., Brenner-Alsop E. (2009), Contextual effects on the perception of duration, Journal of Phonetics, 37(3): 297–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2009.03.007
32. Kotzor S., Wetterlin A., Roberts A.C., Lahiri A. (2016), Processing of phonemic consonant length: Semantic and fragment priming evidence from Bengali, Language and Speech, 59(1): 83–112, https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830915580189
33. Kozyra A. (2008), Geminates in Slavic languages [in Polish: Geminaty w jezykach słowianskich], LingVaria, 1(5): 257–266.
34. Kubozono H. (2017), The Phonetics and Phonology of Geminate Consonants, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
35. Ladefoged P., Maddieson I. (1996), The Sounds of the World’s Languages, Blackwell, Oxford UK, Cambridge MA.
36. Lahiri A., Hankamer G. (1988), The timing of geminate consonants, Journal of Phonetics, 16(3): 327–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470%2819%2930540-1
37. Lisker L., Abramson A.S. (1964), A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements, Word, 20(3): 384–422, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
38. Magen H.S., Blumstein S.E. (1993), Effects of speaking rate on the vowel length distinction in Japanese, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93(4): 2476, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405819
39. Maddieson I. (1984), Patterns of Sounds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
40. Maddieson I., Ladefoged P. (1993), Part VI: Stops and affricates, The Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23(2): 64–68, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300004874
41. McCarthy J.J. (1981), A prosodic theory of nonconcatenative morphology, Linguistic Inquiry, 12(3): 373–418, https://doi.org/10.1075/ssls.11.12mcc
42. Miller-Ockhuizen A. (2011), Phonological patterns in Guttural harmony, Glossa, 45(2): 156–181, https://doi.org/10.5334/jpl.59
43. Peterson G.E., Lehiste I. (1960), Duration of syllable nuclei in English, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32(6): 693–703, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908183
44. Ratko M., Schützler O. (2018), Spectral tilt and laryngeal stop contrasts in British English, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 143(4): 1820–1830, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5028361
45. Ridouane R. (2010), Geminate timing in Tashlhiyt Berber, Journal of Phonetics, 38(4): 617–632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.006
46. Shinohara S., Fujimoto M. (2018), Voicing and devoicing of geminate consonants in Tokyo Japanese, [in:] Perspectives on Geminates in Phonetics and Phonology, pp. 53–76, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0002
47. Steriade D. (2001), The phonology of perceptibility effects: The P-map and its consequences for constraint organization, [in:] International Symposium on Information Technology and Communications, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.05.011
48. Teitelbaum J. (1977), Syllable cut prosody in Tamil, [in:] Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, MIT, Cambridge MA.
49. van der Hulst H. (2010), Stress: A morpheme of sorts? [in:] Melodic Polarity, University Press, Cambridge.
50. Watanabe H. (2018), Statistical model of obstruent geminates in Japanese, Acoustical Science and Technology, 39(5): 372–382, https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.39.372
51. Pind J. (1995), Speaking rate, voice-onset time, and quantity: The search for higher-order invariants for two Icelandic speech cues, Perception and Psychophysics, 57(3): 291–304, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213055
52. Port R., Dalby J., O’Dell M. (1987), Evidence for mora timing in Japanese, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 81: 1574–1585.
53. Porzuczek A., Rojczyk A. (2014), Gemination strategies in L1 and English pronunciation of Polish learners, Research in Language, 12(3): 291–300, https://doi.org/10.2478/rela-2014-0020
54. Porzuczek A., Rojczyk A. (2021), Complex patterns in L1-to-L2 phonetic transfer: The acquisition of English plosive and affricate fake geminates and non-homorganic clusters by Polish learners, Research in Language, 19(1): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.19.1.01
55. Raymond W.D., Dautricourt R., Hume E. (2006), Word internal /t, d/ deletion in spontaneous speech: Modeling the effects of extralinguistic, lexical, and phonological factors, Language Variation and Change, 18(1): 55–97, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394506060042
56. Ridouane R. (2010), Geminate at the junction of phonetics and phonology, [in:] Papers in Laboratory Phonology X, Fougeron C., Kühnert B., D’Imperio M., Vallée N. [Eds.], pp. 61–90, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
57. Ridouane R. (2022), Phonetics and phonology of Tashlhiyt geminates: An overview, HAL Open Science, Version halshs-03511107v2, https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03511107v2
58. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2014), Acoustic properties of nasal geminates in Polish, [in:] Crossing Phonetics-Phonology Lines, Cyran E., Szpyra-Kozłowska J. [Eds.], pp. 347–364, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge upon Tyne.
59. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2019a), Durational properties of Polish geminate consonants, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(6): 4171–4182, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5134782
60. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2019b), Rearticulated geminates are not sequences of two identical sounds: Evidence from Polish affricate geminates, [in:] Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019, Calhoun S., Escudero P., Tabain M., Warren P. [Eds.], pp. 3671–3675, Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc., Canberra.
61. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2022), POLGEM – the recorded corpus of Polish geminate consonants, Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 58(2): 253–262, https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0014
62. Rubach J., Booij G.E. (1990), Edge of constituent effects in Polish, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 8(3): 427–463, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00135620
63. Searle S.R., Casella G., McCulloch C.E. (1992), Variance Components, Wiley, New York.
64. Solé M.-J. (2007), Controlled and mechanical properties in speech: A review of the literature, [in:] Experimental Approaches to Phonology, Solé M.-J., Beddor P.S., Ohala M. [Eds.], pp. 302–322, Oxford University Press, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199296675.003.0018
65. Solé M.-J. (2009), Acoustic and aerodynamic factors in the interaction of features, [in:] Phonetics and Phonology: Interactions and Interrelations, Vigário M., Freitas M.J. [Eds.], pp. 205–234, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.306.10sol
66. Tagliapietra L., McQueen J.M. (2010), What and where in speech recognition: Geminates and singletons in spoken Italian, Journal of Memory and Language, 63(3): 306–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.05.001
67. Thurgood E., Demenko G. (2003), Phonetic realizations of Polish geminate affricates, [in:] Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Solé M.-J., Recasens D., Romero J. [Eds.], pp. 1895–1898.
68. Thurgood G. (1993), Geminates: A cross-linguistic examination, [in:] Papers in Honor of Frederick H. Brengelman on the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Department of Linguistics, CSU, Nevis J.A., McMenamin G., Thurgood G. [Eds.], pp. 129–139, Department of Linguistics, California State University, Fresno CA.
69. TIBCO Software Inc. (2017), Statistica (data analysis software system), Version 13, http://statistica.io (access: 15.05.2023).
70. Westbury J.R. (1983), Enlargement of the supraglottal cavity and its relation to stop consonant voicing, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 74(4): 1322–1336, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.389236
71. Westbury J.R., Keating P.A. (1986), On the naturalness of stop consonant voicing, Journal of Linguistics, 22(1): 145–166, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700010598
72. Yoshida K., de Jong K.J., Kruschke J.K., Päivö P.-M. (2015), Cross-language similarity and difference in quantity categorization of Finnish and Japanese, Journal of Phonetics, 50: 81–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2014.12.006
2. Al-Tamimi J., Khattab G. (2018), Acoustic correlates of the voicing contrast in Lebanese Arabic singleton and geminate stops, Journal of Phonetics, 71: 206–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.09.010
3. Amano S., Hirata Y. (2010), Perception and production boundaries between single and geminate stops in Japanese, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128(4): 2049–2058, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3458847
4. Blevins J. (2004), Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns, University Press, Cambridge.
5. Boersma P., Weenink D. (2001), Praat: Doing phonetics by computer, Ear and Hearing, 32(2): 266, https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31821473f7
6. Boersma P., Weenink D. (n.d.), Praat programme, Version 6.1.40, http://www.praat.org/ (access: 15.05.2023).
7. Butcher A. (2004), Fortis/lenis revisited one more time: The aerodynamics of some oral stop contrasts in three continents, Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 18(6–8): 547–557, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200410001703565
8. Catford J.C. (1977), Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
9. Cho T., Whalen D.H., Docherty G. (2019), Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in 19 languages, Journal of Phonetics, 72: 52–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.11.002
10. Cohn A.C., Ham W.H., Podesva R.J. (1999), The phonetic realization of singleton-geminate constrasts in three languages of Indonesia, [in:] Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp. 587–590.
11. Cyran E. (2011), Laryngeal realism and laryngeal relativism: Two voicing systems in Polish?, Studies in Polish Linguistics, 6(1): 45–80.
12. Davidson L. (2016), Variability in the implementation of voicing in American English obstruents, Journal of Phonetics, 54: 35–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2015.09.003
13. Dmitrieva O. (2009), Geminate typology and perception of consonant length, Paper presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America.
14. Dmitrieva O. (2017), Production of geminate consonants in Russian: Implications for typology, [in:] The Phonetics and Phonology of Geminate Consonants, Kubozono H. [Ed.], pp. 34–65, Oxford University Press, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0003
15. Esposito A., Di Benedetto M.G. (1999), Acoustical and perceptual study of gemination in Italian stops, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4): 2051–2062, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.428056
16. Fujimoto M., Kataoka R. (2016), Oral/nasal airflow during Japanese stop consonants, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(4): 3108, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4969709
17. Halle M., Stevens K.N. (1971), A note on laryngeal features, MIT Quarterly Progress Report, 101: 198–212.
18. Hamzah M.H., Fletcher J., Hajek J. (2016), Closure duration as an acoustic correlate of the word-initial singleton/geminate consonant contrast in Kelantan Malay, Journal of Phonetics, 58: 135–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2016.08.002
19. Hankamer J., Lahiri A., Koreman J. (1989), Perception of consonant length: Voiceless stops in Turkish and Bengali, Journal of Phonetics, 17(4): 283–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470%2819%2930445-0
20. Hayes B., Steriade D. (2004), The phonetic bases of phonological markedness, [in:] Phonetically Based Phonology, Hayes B., Kirchner R., Steriade D. [Eds.], pp. 1–33, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Hermes A., Tilsen S. Ridouane R. (2021), Cross-linguistic timing contrast in geminates: A rate-dependent perspective, [in:] Proceedings of the 12th International Seminar on Speech Production, pp. 52–55.
22. Hirata Y., Whiton J. (2005), Relational acoustic invariance in the single/geminate stop distinction in Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(4): 2569, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4788556
23. Hirose A., Ashby M. (2007), An acoustic study of devoicing of the geminates obstruents, [in:] Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp. 909–912.
24. Homma Y. (1981), Durational relationship between Japanese stops and vowels, Journal of Phonetics, 9(3): 273–281, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470%2819%2930971-4
25. Hussain Q., Shinohara S. (2019), Partial devoicing of voiced geminate stops in Tokyo Japanese, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(1): 149–163, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5078605
26. Idemaru K., Guion S. (2008), Acoustic covariants of length contrast in Japanese stops, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38(2): 167–186, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100308003459
27. Jaeger J.J. (1978), Speech aerodynamics and phonological universals, [in:] Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkley Linguistics Society, 4: 312–329.
28. Jurafsky D., Bell A., Gregory M., Raymond W.D. (2001), Probabilistic relations between words: Evidence from reduction in lexical production, [in:] Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, Bybee J., Hopper P. [Eds.], pp. 229–254, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.45.13jur
29. Kawahara S. (2006), A faithfulness ranking projected from the perceptibility scale: The case of [+voice] in Japanese, Language, 82(3): 536–574.
30. Kawahara S. (2015), The phonetics of sokuon, or obstruent geminates, [in:] The Mouton Handbook of Japanese Language and Linguistics, Kubozono H. [Ed.], pp. 43–77, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
31. Kingston J., Kawahara S., Chambless D., Mash D., Brenner-Alsop E. (2009), Contextual effects on the perception of duration, Journal of Phonetics, 37(3): 297–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2009.03.007
32. Kotzor S., Wetterlin A., Roberts A.C., Lahiri A. (2016), Processing of phonemic consonant length: Semantic and fragment priming evidence from Bengali, Language and Speech, 59(1): 83–112, https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830915580189
33. Kozyra A. (2008), Geminates in Slavic languages [in Polish: Geminaty w jezykach słowianskich], LingVaria, 1(5): 257–266.
34. Kubozono H. (2017), The Phonetics and Phonology of Geminate Consonants, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
35. Ladefoged P., Maddieson I. (1996), The Sounds of the World’s Languages, Blackwell, Oxford UK, Cambridge MA.
36. Lahiri A., Hankamer G. (1988), The timing of geminate consonants, Journal of Phonetics, 16(3): 327–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470%2819%2930540-1
37. Lisker L., Abramson A.S. (1964), A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements, Word, 20(3): 384–422, https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
38. Magen H.S., Blumstein S.E. (1993), Effects of speaking rate on the vowel length distinction in Japanese, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93(4): 2476, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405819
39. Maddieson I. (1984), Patterns of Sounds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
40. Maddieson I., Ladefoged P. (1993), Part VI: Stops and affricates, The Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23(2): 64–68, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300004874
41. McCarthy J.J. (1981), A prosodic theory of nonconcatenative morphology, Linguistic Inquiry, 12(3): 373–418, https://doi.org/10.1075/ssls.11.12mcc
42. Miller-Ockhuizen A. (2011), Phonological patterns in Guttural harmony, Glossa, 45(2): 156–181, https://doi.org/10.5334/jpl.59
43. Peterson G.E., Lehiste I. (1960), Duration of syllable nuclei in English, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32(6): 693–703, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908183
44. Ratko M., Schützler O. (2018), Spectral tilt and laryngeal stop contrasts in British English, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 143(4): 1820–1830, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5028361
45. Ridouane R. (2010), Geminate timing in Tashlhiyt Berber, Journal of Phonetics, 38(4): 617–632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.006
46. Shinohara S., Fujimoto M. (2018), Voicing and devoicing of geminate consonants in Tokyo Japanese, [in:] Perspectives on Geminates in Phonetics and Phonology, pp. 53–76, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0002
47. Steriade D. (2001), The phonology of perceptibility effects: The P-map and its consequences for constraint organization, [in:] International Symposium on Information Technology and Communications, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2010.05.011
48. Teitelbaum J. (1977), Syllable cut prosody in Tamil, [in:] Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, MIT, Cambridge MA.
49. van der Hulst H. (2010), Stress: A morpheme of sorts? [in:] Melodic Polarity, University Press, Cambridge.
50. Watanabe H. (2018), Statistical model of obstruent geminates in Japanese, Acoustical Science and Technology, 39(5): 372–382, https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.39.372
51. Pind J. (1995), Speaking rate, voice-onset time, and quantity: The search for higher-order invariants for two Icelandic speech cues, Perception and Psychophysics, 57(3): 291–304, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213055
52. Port R., Dalby J., O’Dell M. (1987), Evidence for mora timing in Japanese, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 81: 1574–1585.
53. Porzuczek A., Rojczyk A. (2014), Gemination strategies in L1 and English pronunciation of Polish learners, Research in Language, 12(3): 291–300, https://doi.org/10.2478/rela-2014-0020
54. Porzuczek A., Rojczyk A. (2021), Complex patterns in L1-to-L2 phonetic transfer: The acquisition of English plosive and affricate fake geminates and non-homorganic clusters by Polish learners, Research in Language, 19(1): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.19.1.01
55. Raymond W.D., Dautricourt R., Hume E. (2006), Word internal /t, d/ deletion in spontaneous speech: Modeling the effects of extralinguistic, lexical, and phonological factors, Language Variation and Change, 18(1): 55–97, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394506060042
56. Ridouane R. (2010), Geminate at the junction of phonetics and phonology, [in:] Papers in Laboratory Phonology X, Fougeron C., Kühnert B., D’Imperio M., Vallée N. [Eds.], pp. 61–90, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
57. Ridouane R. (2022), Phonetics and phonology of Tashlhiyt geminates: An overview, HAL Open Science, Version halshs-03511107v2, https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03511107v2
58. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2014), Acoustic properties of nasal geminates in Polish, [in:] Crossing Phonetics-Phonology Lines, Cyran E., Szpyra-Kozłowska J. [Eds.], pp. 347–364, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge upon Tyne.
59. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2019a), Durational properties of Polish geminate consonants, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(6): 4171–4182, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5134782
60. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2019b), Rearticulated geminates are not sequences of two identical sounds: Evidence from Polish affricate geminates, [in:] Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019, Calhoun S., Escudero P., Tabain M., Warren P. [Eds.], pp. 3671–3675, Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc., Canberra.
61. Rojczyk A., Porzuczek A. (2022), POLGEM – the recorded corpus of Polish geminate consonants, Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 58(2): 253–262, https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0014
62. Rubach J., Booij G.E. (1990), Edge of constituent effects in Polish, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 8(3): 427–463, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00135620
63. Searle S.R., Casella G., McCulloch C.E. (1992), Variance Components, Wiley, New York.
64. Solé M.-J. (2007), Controlled and mechanical properties in speech: A review of the literature, [in:] Experimental Approaches to Phonology, Solé M.-J., Beddor P.S., Ohala M. [Eds.], pp. 302–322, Oxford University Press, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199296675.003.0018
65. Solé M.-J. (2009), Acoustic and aerodynamic factors in the interaction of features, [in:] Phonetics and Phonology: Interactions and Interrelations, Vigário M., Freitas M.J. [Eds.], pp. 205–234, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.306.10sol
66. Tagliapietra L., McQueen J.M. (2010), What and where in speech recognition: Geminates and singletons in spoken Italian, Journal of Memory and Language, 63(3): 306–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.05.001
67. Thurgood E., Demenko G. (2003), Phonetic realizations of Polish geminate affricates, [in:] Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Solé M.-J., Recasens D., Romero J. [Eds.], pp. 1895–1898.
68. Thurgood G. (1993), Geminates: A cross-linguistic examination, [in:] Papers in Honor of Frederick H. Brengelman on the Occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Department of Linguistics, CSU, Nevis J.A., McMenamin G., Thurgood G. [Eds.], pp. 129–139, Department of Linguistics, California State University, Fresno CA.
69. TIBCO Software Inc. (2017), Statistica (data analysis software system), Version 13, http://statistica.io (access: 15.05.2023).
70. Westbury J.R. (1983), Enlargement of the supraglottal cavity and its relation to stop consonant voicing, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 74(4): 1322–1336, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.389236
71. Westbury J.R., Keating P.A. (1986), On the naturalness of stop consonant voicing, Journal of Linguistics, 22(1): 145–166, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700010598
72. Yoshida K., de Jong K.J., Kruschke J.K., Päivö P.-M. (2015), Cross-language similarity and difference in quantity categorization of Finnish and Japanese, Journal of Phonetics, 50: 81–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2014.12.006
