10.2478/aoa-2014-0048
Underwater Acoustic Imaging of the Sea
Expanding the concept, acoustical imaging can also be used to presentation (monitoring) the current state of sound intensity distribution leading to characterization of sources in observed underwater region. This can be represented in the form of an acoustic characteristic of the area, for example as a spectrogram.
Knowledge of the underwater world which is built by analogy to the perception of the space on the Earth's surface is to be systematize in the form of images. Those images arise as a result of graphical representation of processed acoustic signals.
In this paper, it is explained why acoustic waves are used in underwater imaging. Furthermore, the passive and active systems for underwater observation are presented. The paper is illustrated by acoustic images, most of them originated from our own investigation.
References
DOBRUCKI A. (2007), Przetworniki elektoakustyczne, Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa.
FRANCOIS, R. E. GARRISON, G. R. (1982). Sound absorption based on ocean measurements. Part I: Pure water and magnesium sulfate contributions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 896-907.
FRANCOIS, R. E. GARRISON, G. R. (1982). Sound absorption based on ocean measurements. Part II: Boric acid contribution and equation for total absorption, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 1879-1890.
GRELOWSKA G., KOZACZKA E., KOZACZKA S., SZYMCZAK W. (2013a), Gdansk Bay seabed sounding and materials classification, Polish Maritime Research, 20, 3, 45-50.
GRELOWSKA G., KOZACZKA E., KOZACZKA S., SZYMCZAK W. (2013b), Underwater Noise Generated by a Small Ship in the Shallow Sea, Archives on Acoustics, 38, 3, 351-356.
HEALD, G.J., N.G. PACE (1996), An analysis of 1st and 2nd backscatter for seabed classification, ECUA-1996 Proc., Crete, p. 649-654.
HUGHES CLARKE, J.E., L.A. MAYER, D.E. WELLS (1996), Shallow-water imaging multibeam sonars: A new tool for investigating seafloor processes in the coastal zone and on the continental shelf, Marine Geophysical Researches, 18, 607-629.
IWANIEC M., WICIAK J. (2002), Prediction of vibroacoustical parameters on a cruise ship, Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 88, 5, 722–725.
KASTEK M., DULSKI R., ZYCZKOWSKI M., SZUSTAKOWSKI M., TRZASKAWKA P., CIURAPINSKI W., GRELOWSKA G., GLOZA I., MILEWSKI S., LISTEWNIK K. (2012), Multisensor system for the protection of critical infrastructure of a seaport, Proc. SPIE 8388, Unattended Ground, Sea, and Air Sensor Technologies and Applications XIV, 83880M; doi:10.1117/12.918595
KLUSEK Z., MAJEWSKI P., DRAGAN A., PSUTY I. (2010), Preliminary investigations on implementation of technology of broadband signals for marine biology and sediments recognition, Hydroacoustics, 13, 143 – 152.
KLUSEK Z., TEGOWSKI J., SZCZUCKA J., SLIWINSKI A. (1994), Characteristic properties of bottom backscattering in the southern Baltic Sea at ultrasound frequencies, Oceanologia, 36, 1, 81-102.
KOZACZKA E., DOMAGALSKI J., GRELOWSKA G., GLOZA I. (2007a), Identification of hydro-acoustic waves emitted from floating units during mooring tests, Polish Maritime Research, 14, 4, 40-46.
KOZACZKA E., GRELOWSKA G., GLOZA I. (2007b), Sound intensity in ships noise measuring, Proc. 19th ICA, 6 pp. CD, Madrid.
KOZACZKA E., GRELOWSKA G., KOZACZKA S. (2010), Images of the seabed of the Gulf of Gdansk obtain by means of the parametric sonar, Acta Physica Polonica A, 118, 1, 91-94.
KOZACZKA E., GRELOWSKA G. (2011), Shipping low frequency noise and its propagation in shallow water, Acta Physica Polonica A, 119, 6, 1009-1012.
KOZACZKA E., GRELOWSKA G., KOZACZKA S., SZYMCZAK W. (2013), Detection of Objects Buried in the Sea Bottom with the Use of Parametric Echosounder, Archives on Acoustics, 38, 1, 99-104.
KUZNETSOV V.P. (1971), Equations of nonlinear acoustics, Sov. Phys. Acoust. 16.
LEIGHTON T., MANTOUKA A., WHITE P., KLUSEK Z. (2008a), Towards field measurements of populations of methane gas bubbles in marine sediment: an inversion method required for interpreting two-frequency insonification data from sediment containing gas bubbles, Hydroacoustics, 11, 203-224.
LEIGHTON, T.G. AND ROBB, G.B.N. (2008b), Preliminary mapping of void fractions and sound speeds in gassy marine sediments from subbottom profiles. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124, 5, EL313-EL320. (doi:10.1121/1.2993744).
LURTON, X. (2002). An introduction to underwater acoustics, PRAXIS-Springer Verlag.
MARSZAL J., SALAMON R. (2012), Distance measurement errors in silent FM-CW sonar with matched filtering, Metrology and Measurement Systems, 19, 2, 321-332.
MOSZYNSKI M., STEPNOWSKI A. (2006), The Estimation of Fish Lenght Distribution from its Acoustical Measures, Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 92, 3, 147-149.
NOWICKI A. (2010), Ultradźwięki w medycynie, IPPT PAN, Warszawa.
ORLOV D., RODIONOV A. (2008), Tracking of underwater acoustic tone sources with linear antenna arrays, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 5, 3335.
POULIQUEN, E, LURTON, X. (1992), Identification of the nature of the seabed using echo sounders, J. Phys., 4, 2(C1), p. 941-944.
TEGOWSKI, J., LUBNIEWSKI, Z. (2000). The use of fractal properties of echo signals for acoustical classification of bottom sediments, Acta Acustica, 86, 2, 276-282.
WILLE P.C. (2005), Sound images of the ocean In research and monitoring, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
WUNDERLICH J., MUELLER S. (2003), High-resolutionsub-bottom profiling using parametric acoustics, International Ocean Systems, 7, 4, 6-11.
ZABOLOTSKAYA E. A., KHOKHLOV R. V. (1969), Quasi-plane waves in nonlinear acoustics of bounded beams, Sov. Phys. Acoust., 15, 35-40.
ZAKHARIA M. AND DYBEDAL J. (2007), The parametric side-scan sonar instrument and synthetic aperture sonar processing, in: Buried waste in the seabed. Acoustic imaging and Bio-toxicity edited by P. Blondel and A. Caiti, Springer.
DOI: 10.2478/aoa-2014-0048