Prediction Method and Characteristics of Static Acoustic Scattering for Marine Composite Propellers
Abstract
This study introduces a hybrid approach to predict the acoustic scattering characteristics of composite propellers featuring variable thickness and complex curvature. The approach combines the Kirchhoff approximation (KA), which employs an intersection algorithm (IA) for determining the thickness of discrete surface elements, with the theory of orthotropic laminate transfer matrix (OLTM). The overall scattered sound field of the target is determined by solving the reflection coefficients of each surface element. To enhance computational efficiency, the scattered sound field of a complete composite propeller is ingeniously predicted by cloning mesh topology from a single propeller blade, taking advantage of the rotation symmetry characteristics of the composite propeller. The validity of this prediction method is confirmed through the finite element method (FEM) and static acoustic scattering characteristic experiments conducted on a lake. The predicted results for the target strength (TS) of the composite propeller closely align with the FEM. Additionally, the TS and time-domain echo characteristics of the steel propeller utilizing the KA exhibit strong agreement with the experimental findings. These research findings provide a significant reference value for predicting the acoustic scattering characteristics near the stern of underwater vehicles.Keywords:
acoustic scattering characteristics, composite propeller, Kirchhoff approximation, target strengthReferences
1. Cheng Z.K. et al. (2023), Observation of the rotational Doppler shift of a spinning object based on an acoustic vortex with a Fresnel-spiral zone plate, Journal of Applied Physics, 133(11): 114502, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0141106
2. Chu D., Stanton T.K. (2010), Statistics of echoes from a directional sonar beam insonifying finite numbers of single scatterers and patches of scatterers, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 35(2): 267–277, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2009.2037988
3. Fan J., Tang W.L., Zhuo L.K. (2012), Planar elements method for forecasting the echo characteristics from sonar targets [in Chinese], Journal of Ship Mechanics, 16(1): 171–180, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2012.01.020
4. Hu P. (2017), Research on target strength of submarine sails made by sound-reflecting composites, MSc. Thesis, China Ship Research and Development Academy.
5. Isakson M.J., Chotiros N.P. (2014), Finite element modeling of acoustic scattering from fluid and elastic rough interfaces, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 40(2): 475–484, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2014.2313060
6. Islam F., Caldwell R., Phillips A.W., St John N.A., Prusty B.G. (2022), A review of relevant impact behaviour for improved durability of marine composite propellers, Composites Part C: Open Access, 8: 100251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2022.100251
7. Jiang B., Yu J., Li W., Chai Y., Gui Q. (2023), A coupled overlapping finite element method for analyzing underwater acoustic scattering problems, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(9): 1676, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091676
8. Jing J., Hu Y.F., Ding G.P. (2022), Simulation research on modal analysis of CFRP propeller, Digital Manufacture Science, 20(1): 29–33.
9. Klausner N, Azimi-Sadjadi MR. (2014), Non-Gaussian target detection in sonar imagery using the multivariate laplace distribution, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 40(2): 452–464, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2014.2328211
10. Kuo Y.-M., Lin H.-J., Wang C.-N. (2008), Sound transmission across orthotropic laminates with a 3D model, Applied Acoustics, 69(11): 951–959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2007.08.002
11. Kwon H.W., Hong S.Y., Song J.H. (2017), A study for acoustic target strength characteristics of submarines using Kirchhoff approximation, Marine Technology Society Journal, 51(4): 52–58, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.51.4.5
12. Langdon S., Chandler-Wilde S.N. (2006), A wavenumber independent boundary element method for an acoustic scattering problem, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 43(6): 2450–2477, https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036142903431936
13. Lavia E.F., Gonzalez J.D., Blanc S. (2019), Modeling high-frequency backscattering from a mesh of curved surfaces using Kirchhoff approximation, Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics, 27(04): 1850057, https://doi.org/10.1142/S2591728518500573
14. Li D. (2022), Analysis of Composite Laminates: Theories and Their Applications, Science Press, China.
15. Lin H.-J., Wang C.-N., Kuo Y.-M. (2017), Sound transmission loss across specially orthotropic laminates, Applied Acoustics, 68(10): 1177–1191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.06.007
16. Möller T., Trumbore B. (1997), Fast, minimum storage ray-triangle intersection, Journal of Graphics Tools, 2(1): 21–28, https://doi.org/10.1145/1198555.1198746
17. Motley M.R., Liu Z., Young Y.L. (2009), Utilizing fluid–structure interactions to improve energy efficiency of composite marine propellers in spatially varying wake, Composite Structures, 90(3): 304–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.03.011
18. Sabat R. et al. (2023), Low frequency sound isolation by a metasurface of Helmholtz ping-pong ball resonators, Journal of Applied Physics, 134(14): 144502, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0160267
19. Saffari A., Zahiri S.H., Ghanad N.K. (2023), Using SVM classifier and micro-Doppler signature for automatic recognition of sonar targets, Archives of Acoustics, 48(1): 49–61, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2022.142909
20. Sagar M.V., Venkaiah M., Sunil D. (2013), Static and dynamic analysis of composite propeller of ship using FEA, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2(7): 2587–2594, https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV2IS70418
21. Seybert A.F., Wu T.W., Wu X.F. (1988), Radiation and scattering of acoustic waves from elastic solids and shells using the boundary element method, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84(5): 1906–1912, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397156
22. Tang W.L. (1993), Calculation of acoustic scattering of a nonrigid surface using physical acoustic method [in Chinese], Acta Acustica, 18(1): 45–53, https://doi.org/10.15949/j.cnki.0371-0025.1993.01.006
23. Tucker J.D, Azimi-Sadjadi M.R. (2011), Coherence-based underwater target detection from multiple disparate sonar platforms, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 36(1): 37–51, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2010.2094230
24. Uddin M.M., Hossen M.P., Jahan M.M., Islam M.I. (2021), Structural analysis of composite propeller of ship using FEM, [in:] AIP Conference Proceedings, 2324(1): 030001, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0037760
25. Vardhan D.H., Ramesh A., Reddy B.C.M. (2019), A review on materials used for marine propellers, Materials Today: Proceedings, 18(7): 4482–4490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.418
26. Venås J.V., Kvamsdal T. (2020), Isogeometric boundary element method for acoustic scattering by a submarine, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 359: 112670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.112670
27. Yang F., Peng Z., Song H., Tang Y., Miao X. (2024), A hybrid finite element method – Kirchhoff approximation method for modeling acoustic scattering from an underwater vehicle model with Alberich coatings with periodic internal cavities, Archives of Acoustics, 49(2): 209–219, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2024.148777
28. Zhang X.G., Zhang J.F., Lyu S., Cao F., Li G.J., Wang N. (2020), Rapid method for large-scale target sound scattering calculation and experiment validation [in Chinese], Journal of Ship Mechanics, 24(3): 409–418.
29. Zhu X.C. (2020), Parametric modeling and CNC machining of ship propeller, MSc. Thesis, Tianjin, Tiangong University.
2. Chu D., Stanton T.K. (2010), Statistics of echoes from a directional sonar beam insonifying finite numbers of single scatterers and patches of scatterers, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 35(2): 267–277, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2009.2037988
3. Fan J., Tang W.L., Zhuo L.K. (2012), Planar elements method for forecasting the echo characteristics from sonar targets [in Chinese], Journal of Ship Mechanics, 16(1): 171–180, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2012.01.020
4. Hu P. (2017), Research on target strength of submarine sails made by sound-reflecting composites, MSc. Thesis, China Ship Research and Development Academy.
5. Isakson M.J., Chotiros N.P. (2014), Finite element modeling of acoustic scattering from fluid and elastic rough interfaces, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 40(2): 475–484, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2014.2313060
6. Islam F., Caldwell R., Phillips A.W., St John N.A., Prusty B.G. (2022), A review of relevant impact behaviour for improved durability of marine composite propellers, Composites Part C: Open Access, 8: 100251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2022.100251
7. Jiang B., Yu J., Li W., Chai Y., Gui Q. (2023), A coupled overlapping finite element method for analyzing underwater acoustic scattering problems, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(9): 1676, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091676
8. Jing J., Hu Y.F., Ding G.P. (2022), Simulation research on modal analysis of CFRP propeller, Digital Manufacture Science, 20(1): 29–33.
9. Klausner N, Azimi-Sadjadi MR. (2014), Non-Gaussian target detection in sonar imagery using the multivariate laplace distribution, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 40(2): 452–464, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2014.2328211
10. Kuo Y.-M., Lin H.-J., Wang C.-N. (2008), Sound transmission across orthotropic laminates with a 3D model, Applied Acoustics, 69(11): 951–959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2007.08.002
11. Kwon H.W., Hong S.Y., Song J.H. (2017), A study for acoustic target strength characteristics of submarines using Kirchhoff approximation, Marine Technology Society Journal, 51(4): 52–58, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.51.4.5
12. Langdon S., Chandler-Wilde S.N. (2006), A wavenumber independent boundary element method for an acoustic scattering problem, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 43(6): 2450–2477, https://doi.org/10.1137/S0036142903431936
13. Lavia E.F., Gonzalez J.D., Blanc S. (2019), Modeling high-frequency backscattering from a mesh of curved surfaces using Kirchhoff approximation, Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics, 27(04): 1850057, https://doi.org/10.1142/S2591728518500573
14. Li D. (2022), Analysis of Composite Laminates: Theories and Their Applications, Science Press, China.
15. Lin H.-J., Wang C.-N., Kuo Y.-M. (2017), Sound transmission loss across specially orthotropic laminates, Applied Acoustics, 68(10): 1177–1191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.06.007
16. Möller T., Trumbore B. (1997), Fast, minimum storage ray-triangle intersection, Journal of Graphics Tools, 2(1): 21–28, https://doi.org/10.1145/1198555.1198746
17. Motley M.R., Liu Z., Young Y.L. (2009), Utilizing fluid–structure interactions to improve energy efficiency of composite marine propellers in spatially varying wake, Composite Structures, 90(3): 304–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.03.011
18. Sabat R. et al. (2023), Low frequency sound isolation by a metasurface of Helmholtz ping-pong ball resonators, Journal of Applied Physics, 134(14): 144502, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0160267
19. Saffari A., Zahiri S.H., Ghanad N.K. (2023), Using SVM classifier and micro-Doppler signature for automatic recognition of sonar targets, Archives of Acoustics, 48(1): 49–61, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2022.142909
20. Sagar M.V., Venkaiah M., Sunil D. (2013), Static and dynamic analysis of composite propeller of ship using FEA, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2(7): 2587–2594, https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV2IS70418
21. Seybert A.F., Wu T.W., Wu X.F. (1988), Radiation and scattering of acoustic waves from elastic solids and shells using the boundary element method, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84(5): 1906–1912, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397156
22. Tang W.L. (1993), Calculation of acoustic scattering of a nonrigid surface using physical acoustic method [in Chinese], Acta Acustica, 18(1): 45–53, https://doi.org/10.15949/j.cnki.0371-0025.1993.01.006
23. Tucker J.D, Azimi-Sadjadi M.R. (2011), Coherence-based underwater target detection from multiple disparate sonar platforms, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 36(1): 37–51, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2010.2094230
24. Uddin M.M., Hossen M.P., Jahan M.M., Islam M.I. (2021), Structural analysis of composite propeller of ship using FEM, [in:] AIP Conference Proceedings, 2324(1): 030001, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0037760
25. Vardhan D.H., Ramesh A., Reddy B.C.M. (2019), A review on materials used for marine propellers, Materials Today: Proceedings, 18(7): 4482–4490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.418
26. Venås J.V., Kvamsdal T. (2020), Isogeometric boundary element method for acoustic scattering by a submarine, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 359: 112670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.112670
27. Yang F., Peng Z., Song H., Tang Y., Miao X. (2024), A hybrid finite element method – Kirchhoff approximation method for modeling acoustic scattering from an underwater vehicle model with Alberich coatings with periodic internal cavities, Archives of Acoustics, 49(2): 209–219, https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2024.148777
28. Zhang X.G., Zhang J.F., Lyu S., Cao F., Li G.J., Wang N. (2020), Rapid method for large-scale target sound scattering calculation and experiment validation [in Chinese], Journal of Ship Mechanics, 24(3): 409–418.
29. Zhu X.C. (2020), Parametric modeling and CNC machining of ship propeller, MSc. Thesis, Tianjin, Tiangong University.
